The heavy machine gun version of the Bolter fires even bigger bolts, is fully-automatic, and with a heavier armor-piercing tip and nearly double the range. Naturally, this advantage means that the weapon can cut through infantry with horrifying ease, and it remains a "must have" weapon when facing mass-based armies like the Imperial Guard, Orks, or Tyranids. Sadly, it's so big that it takes 2 people (or one Marine) to transport and operate, and normally, it cannot be fired on the move - unless you're Imperial Guard Gunnery Sergeant Harker, in which case you can because you're concentrated manliness of such a degree that you make your whole squad fearless in the process.
It's usually seen on vehicles if not in heavy weapon units - either Heavy Weapon Teams for the Imperial Guard, or Heavy Weapon soldiers for the Adeptus Sororitas, Chaos Space Marines, or Space Marines. The Adeptus Mechanicus are known for modding a few of their Servitors for the sole purpose of carrying and firing a Heavy Bolter, presumably so the Tech-Priest can get some fucking work done while a bunch of Orks are screaming and brandishing pointed sticks in their general direction.
Special recognition goes to the Leman Russ battle tank for mounting three of these fucking things in most configs. If you want to rape an entire squad of infantry, accept no substitutes (except for the Leman Russ Punisher, which renders most of the above a moot point). Or a Baneblade.
In fluff terms; the Heavy Bolter uses a 1.00 (25.4mm wide) caliber round as opposed to the regular bolter's 0.75 caliber, allowing it to tear through all but the most heavily armored of targets. It also attains a higher rate of fire than standard boltguns and is commonly fed from a large ammunition feed like box and drum magazines or the large backpack-mounted feed belts used by Space Marines, allowing for sustained fire (although it can still feed from free-hanging ammo belts, as evidenced by Chaos Marines). As stated above; the weapon is massive, requiring either a vehicle, two human operators, or a super soldier to carry. Thus, the operator(s) commonly have to entrench themselves before firing the weapon in order to control and accurately fire the weapon.
To give you an understanding of just how deadly a Heavy Bolter would be, consider: a .25 inch difference in terms of caliber is pretty enormous because the relationship between the radius and volume of a cylinder is proportional to the cube (x^3) rather than linear. A 1.00 caliber round would have over twice the volume (and mass) of a 0.75 caliber round even if it was the same length; on top of that, Heavy Bolter shells are also proportionally longer, judging by the size of the ammunition feed chute. And of course, mass is also extremely important when it comes to determining the power of a projectile.
Worthy of special note are the Hellfire shells space marine scouts may fire from this weapon, it is a poisoned (2+), blast shell, particularly useful against Tyranid biomorphs or just general blob armies.
Stats? Oh, we got 'em:
Heavy Bolter(7th): Range: 36" S: 5 Ap: 4 Type: Heavy 3